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Results The immigrants (age: 3 mo–60 y) were mostly single and males, with a higher education; only 50% of them declared having a regular job. Anti‐IgG HAV+ prevalence was 99.5% (100% HAV positivity in the younger age bracket). As for HBV, 67.6% (123) of the immigrants were naturally infected and 9.3% had chronic infection; 4.4% were anti‐HBs+ isolated (vaccinated). For HBV infection (any HBV marker), a significant difference was only found for increasing age ( p. In the past years, immigration flows to Italy have increased enormously, passing from 140,000 immigrants in 1970 to beyond 1 million in 1997 and nearly 3 million in 2005, representing nowadays about 5% of the country’s population and ranking Italy in an intermediate position for immigration within the European Union. The majority of Italy’s immigrants come from Europe (47.3%), Africa (23.7%), and Asia (17.3%), and their distribution throughout the country depends on the demand for work: approximately 60% live in the north, 30% in central Italy, and 10% in the south.
Acer C110 Projector Driver on this page. Such a distribution is related to the level of wealth and job opportunities. Since the 1990s, the rate of immigration has been the highest in northeast Italy. The north‐to‐south gradient of immigration explains also a different risk of transmission of infectious agents from an infected individual to susceptible contacts in the resident population. Considering in particular immigrants coming from Africa, and especially from the sub‐Saharan area, it cannot be ignored that the social and sanitary situation (prevention, diagnosis, and medical care) and the epidemiology of hepatitis infections in general are very different from the situation in Europe. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in sub‐Saharan Africa and is usually acquired in early childhood, either at birth or by early horizontal transmission, with an 8% to 20% prevalence of chronic carriers (HBsAg positivity), which is consistently higher compared with Western and Central Europe (0.2%–0.5%) including Italy where the actual rate prevalence is under 2%. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is very high in many African countries, averaging between 5 and 10%, in sharp contrast with the majority of Europe, where it is around 1%.
In northeastern Italy, pregnant women have shown a prevalence of HCV infection of 1.9% and an HBsAg positivity rate of 1%. In developing countries, most people are infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV) early in life, and more than 90% of people are anti‐HAV positive. In the past few decades, HAV has progressively decreased in Italy: nowadays, people under 40 years old are generally anti‐HAV negative, and the interepidemic incidence of symptomatic hepatitis A is less than 3/100,000 population. Economic difficulties and transport development drive migration to developed countries, and this could theoretically facilitate the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, the importance of an adequate social, economic, and cultural integration and the need for an efficient health service with an effective prevention policy are proven.
Our knowledge of the state of health of Italian immigrants is still insufficient owing to the numbers of illegal immigrants, the dynamics of the migratory flow, and the lack of adequate observation and research tools. Though they are not evenly distributed throughout the country, several voluntary associations have played a fundamental part in providing health care for illegal immigrants. In a group of illegal immigrants from sub‐Saharan Africa living in Verona (northeast Italy) and attending a health care center run by a group of medical volunteers, this study assessed the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis infections and its possible impact on the immigrants’ own communities and on the autochthonous population. Methods The study was conducted in Verona (Italy) between March 2004 and December 2005 on 182 illegal immigrants from sub‐Saharan Africa attending a volunteer health center predisposed specially for illegal immigrants, as these subjects cannot use the standard national medical advices. After a medical checkup, all subjects consecutively enrolled gave their informed consent to join the study and were interviewed by a member of the medical staff in accordance with Italian law on privacy. Their sociodemographic characteristics (nationality, age, sex, marital status, the number of cohabitants in their accommodation, their level of education, and employment), vaccinations, and epidemiological information on the risk of parenteral/sexual transmission of infections [history of intravenous drug use (IVDU) and surgery] were collected using a standard questionnaire designed by a research doctor with expertise in educational programs.